ANALYSIS OF IDENTITY AUTHENTICATION METHODS
Keywords:
handwritten signature, qualified electronic signature, identity authentication, digital identity, forensic document examination, cybersecurity, trust services, electronic identification, digital evidence.Abstract
This study presents a comparative analysis of handwritten and qualified electronic signatures as analogous means of identity authentication in analogue and digital environments. The research examines their technical characteristics, authentication principles, methods of expert examination, evidential value, and resistance to fraudulent manipulation. The paper further analyses the impact of contemporary cybersecurity requirements and the European regulatory framework governing electronic identification and trust services, including Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 (eIDAS), Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 (European Digital Identity Framework), Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2), Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), and relevant international information security standards.
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